UCSB 


I. 

THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA. 

II. 
THE  LEAF-COLLECTOR'S  HANDBOOK. 


III. 
THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA. 

(/*  preparation.) 


THE    LEAF-COLLECTOR'S 
HAND-BOOK    AND    HERBARIUM 


AN  AID  IN  THE    PRESERVATION   AND  IN    THE    CLAS- 
SIFICATION   OF    SPECIMEN    LEAVES    OF   THE 
TREES    OF    NORTHEASTERN    AMERICA 


BY 

CHARLES    S.  NEVVHALL 

AUTHOR  OF  "THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA,"  KTC. 


ILLUSTRATED 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S    SONS 

NEW    YORK  LONDON 

27  &   29   WEST  TWENTY-THIRD   ST.      27   KING   WILLIAM  ST.,   STRAND 

S^t  ^mrhtrbochrr  |)rrgs 
1891 


COPYRIGHT,    1891 
BY 

CHARLES  S.  NEWHALI, 


"Cbc  ftnlcfecrboclier  f>rc60,  View  t?urfc 

Elcctroty]>ed,  Printed,  and  Bound  by 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons 


CONTENTS. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

PREFACE    ......... 

DIRECTIONS        ........ 

LIST  OF  GENERA        ....... 

GUIDE  AND  DESCRIPTIONS          . 

FIGURES  AND  LEAVES         ..... 

Leaves,  simple  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire    .... 

"     toothed 
"     lobed    . 

opposite  ;       "     entire    . 
"     toothed 
"     lobed     . 
indeterminate  ....... 

compound  ;  feather-shaped  ;  alternate  ;  edge  entire     . 

"      toothed, 

"  <(  a  '.  it  .• 

opposite  ;  entire  . 

"      toothed, 
hand-shaped; 
INDEX         .         .         .         .         .         .... 

GUMMED  PAPER 


PAGE 

V 

ix 

xi 

xiii 

xiv 

209 

3 

17 

§3 

117 

127 


161 
171 
191 
191 

205 

213 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Figures  i  and  2. — CUCUMBER  TREE  and  SWEET  BAY   ...  3 

Figure  3. — UMBRELLA  TREE '  .  5 

Figure  4. — PAPAW .7 

Figure  5. — RED  BUD 9 

Figure  6. — SOUR  GUM .11 

Figure  7. — PERSIMMON 13 

Figure  8. — SASSAFRAS  .         .         . 15 

Figure  9. — BASSWOOD 19 

Figures  10  and  n. — HOLLIES 21 

Figure  12. — WILD  BLACK  CHERRY 23 

Figure  13. — WILD  RED  CHERRY 23 

Figure  14. — WILD  PLUM        ........  25 

Figure  15. — CRAB-APPLE 27 

Figure  16. — WHITE  THORN  and  FRUIT 29 

Figure  17. — BLACK  THORN  ........  29 

Figure  18. — COMMON  THORN        . 31 

Figure  19. — COCKSPUR  THORN 33 

Figure  20. — SHAD-BUSH 35 

Figure  21. — SORREL  TREE    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .37 

Figures  22  and  23. — WHITE  ELM  and  SLIPPERY  ELM  ...  39 

Figure  24. — HACKBERRY 41 

Figure  25. — RED  MULBERRY 43 

Figure  26. — BUTTONWOOD 45 

Figures  27  and  28. — WHITE  BIRCH  and  PAPER  BIRCH                 •  .  47 

Figures  29  and  30. — RED  BIRCH  and  YELLOW  BIRCH  ...  49 

Figure  31. — SWEET  BIRCH 51 

Figure  32. — HOP-HORNBEAM «  53 

Figure  33.— HORNBEAM         ...                                   •         •  55 

Figure  34. — CHESTNUT •         •  57 


Illustrations. 


Figure  35. — BEECH        .  59 

Figure  36. — BLACK  WILLOW 61 

Figure  37. — SCYTHE-LEAVED  WILLOW 63 

Figure  38. — SHINING  WILLOW 65 

Figure  39. — LONG-BEAKED  WILLOW     ......  67 

Figures  40,  41,  42,  and  43. — WHITE  WILLOW,  YELLOW  WILLOW, 

WEEPING  WILLOW,  and  CRACK  WILLOW        ....  69 

Figure  44. — ASPEN •'  71 

Figure  45. — LARGE-TOOTHED  ASPEN    ......  73 

Figure  46. — DOWNY-LEAVED  POPLAR 75 

Figure  47. — COTTONWOOD 77 

Figures  48  and  49. — BALSAM  POPLAR  and  BALM  OF  GILEAD         .  79 

Figure  50. — LOMBARDY  POPLAR .81 

Figure  51. — SILVER-LEAF  POPLAR 81 

Figure  52. — TULIP  TREE 85 

Figure  53. — WHITE  OAK 87 

Figure  54. — POST  OAK 89 

Figure  55. — BURR  OAK         ........  91 

Figure  56. — SWAMP  WHITE  OAK  .......  93 

Figure  57. — CHESTNUT  OAK 95 

Figure  58. — YELLOW  CHESTNUT  OAK  ......  97 

Figure  59. — BLACK  JACK  OAK      .....  -99 

Figure  60. — SPANISH  OAK 101 

Figure  61. — SCARLET  OAK 103 

Figure  62. — BLACK  OAK .  105 

Figure  63. — RED  OAK 107 

Figure  64. — PIN  OAK    .........  109 

Figure  65. — WILLOW  OAK .         .  in 

Figure  66. — SHINGLE  OAK 113 

Figure  67. — SWEET  GUM 115 

Figure  68. — FLOWERING  DOGWOOD       .         .         .         .         .         .119 

Figure  69. — ALTERNATE-LEAVED  DOGWOOD         .         .         .         .121 

Figure  70. — FRINGE  TREE    .         . 123 

Figure  71. — CATALPA 125 

Figures  72  and  73. — BLACK  HAW  and  SWEET  VIBURNUM     .         .129 


Illustrations.  vii 

PAGE 

Figure  74. — STRIPED  MAPLE 133 

Figure  75. — SUGAR  MAPLE 135 

Figure  76. — BLACK  MAPLE  ........  137 

Figure  77. — SILVER-LEAF  MAPLK          ......  139 

Figure  78. — RED  MAPLE       .         .         . 141 

Figures  79,  80,  81,  and  82. — GRAY  PINE,  SCRUB  PINK,  TABLE 

MOUNTAIN  PINE,  and  RED  PINE         .         .         .         .  145 

Figures  83,  84,  and  85. — YELLOW,  PITCH,  and  WHITE  PINE         .  147 

Figures  86  and  87. — BLACK  SPRUCE  and  WHITE  SPRUCE      .         .  149 

Figure  88. — NORWAY  SPRUCE        . 151 

Figure  89. — HEMLOCK  .........  153 

Figures  90  and  91. — BALSAM  FIR  and  LARCH       ....  155 

Figures  93  and  93. — WHITE -CEDAR  and  ARBOR  VIT^E           .         .  157 

Figure  94. — RED  CEDAR        . 159 

Figure  95. — AILANTHUS •  .         .         .  163 

Figure  96. — LOCUST,  YELLOW       .         .         .         .                  .         .  165 

Figure  97. — KENTUCKY  COFFEE-TREE 167 

Figure  98. — HONEY  LOCUST          .         .         .         .         .         .         .169 

Figure  99. — STAG-HORN  SUMACH         ......  173 

Figure  100. — POISON  SUMACH 175 

Figure  101. — MOUNTAIN  ASH       .......  177 

Figures  102  and  103. — BLACK  WALNUT  and  BUTTERNUT    .         -179 

Figure  104. — SHAG-^ARK  HICKORY      ......  181 

Figure  105. — MOCKER-NUT           .....         .        .  183 

Figure  106. — SMALL-FRUITED  HICKORY       .         .         .         .         .  185 

Figure  107. — PIG-NUT  HICKORY 187 

Figure  108. — BITTER-NUT 189 

Figure  109. — ASH-LEAVED  MAPLE 193 

Figure  no.— WHITE  ASH 195 

Figure  in. — RED  ASH 197 

Figure  112. — GREEN  ASH *  199 

Figure  113. — BLUE  ASH 201 

Figure  114. — BLACK  ASH 203 

Figure  115. — SWEET  BUCKEYE      .         .         .         .....        .  207 

Figure  116. — OHIO  BUCKEYE 209 


PREFACE. 


The  leaves  described  and  pictured  in  the  following 
pages  represent  all  the  native  trees,  and  the  most  im- 
portant introduced  and  naturalized  trees  of  Northeastern 
America,* — with  the  few  exceptions  named  on  page  213. 

Those  species  are  considered  trees  (in  distinction 
from  shrubs)  which,  as  a  rule,  spring  from  the  ground 
with  a  single  branching  trunk.f 

How  to  use  the  book  will  be  readily  understood  by 
consulting  the  following  directions. 

*  The  names  of  introduced  and  naturalized  species  are  enclosed  in  brackets. 
f  "  Trees  of  Northeastern  America,"  page  4. 


DIRECTIONS. 


1.  How  to  find  the  names  of  specimens. — Compare  any 
given  specimen,  first  with  the  descriptions  in  the  "  Guide," 
on  pages  xiv  and  xv,  and  then  with  the  illustrations  to 
which  the   "  Guide  "  directs.* 

2.  How   to   mount  specimens. — When   the  specimens 
have  been  pressed  and  thoroughly  dried,  and  all  their  thick 
stems  removed  or  pared,  they  should  be  fastened  in  their 
places  opposite  the  corresponding  illustrations,  with  strips 
of  gummed  paper  an  eighth  of  an  inch  or  less  in  width,  f 

The  compound  leaves  and  the  simple  leaves,  when  they 
are  larger  than  the  allotted  space,  should  be  represented 
by  sections  of  the  leaf. 

3.  How  to  preserve  specimens. — If  the  collection  is  at- 
tacked by  insects,  each  leaf  should  be  brushed  lightly  with 
a  saturated  solution   of  corrosive   sublimate   and  alcohol, 
increased  by  two  thirds  more  of  alcohol. 

4.  Notes. — Interest  and  value   will   be   added   to   the 
collection  if  full  memoranda  are  kept  of  dates,  localities, 
name  of  the  finder,  incidents,  characteristics  of  the  tree,  etc. 

5.  It  should  be  remembered  that  leaves  from  vigorous 
young  sprouts  are  not  usually  the  best  specimens.      It  is 
seldom  that  two  leaves,  even  upon  the  same  mature  branch, 
exactly  agree,  but  they  follow  the  type,  while  often  the 
younger  growth  varies  from  it.J 

*  If  fuller  descriptions  and  comments  are  desired,  they  can  be  found  in  the  author's 
work  on  "  The  Trees  of  Northeastern  America." 

f  A  supply  of  gummed  paper  will  be  found  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 
|  "  The  Trees  of  Northeastern  America,"  page  4. 


LIST  OF  GENERA. 


A—  7 

Magnolia  .... 

Aslmina     .... 

Cercis  ......       9 

Nyssa  ..... 

Diospyros       .     .     , 
Sassafras    . 


Tilia     ..... 

Ilex       ..... 

Prunus       .     .     .     , 
Pyrus    ..... 

Crat3egus  .... 

Amelanchier  . 
Oxydendrum       .     . 
Ulmus       .... 

Celtis    ......     41 

Moms  ......     43 

Broussonetia  .     .     . 
Platanus    .... 

Betula  ......     47 

£)strya  ..... 

Carplnus    . 

Castanea    .....      57 

Fagus   .... 

Salix     .... 

P6pulus     .....     71 


Ill  (a) 

Larix     

PAGE 

3  Liriodendron       ...     85 
7  Quercus     87 

Chamoecyparis     . 
Thuya  

•   157 

9 
ii                        f*x 

Junlperus        .     .     . 

•   159 

J3  Liquidamber       .     .     .115 
15 

I)—  7 

B—  7 

Ailanthus  .... 
Roblnia     .... 

.    165 

19 
21  Cornus       119 
23  Chionanthus  ....   123 

27  Catalpa      125 
29 

Gymnocladus 
Gledltschia 

Rhus     

.   167 
.   169 

35                         // 

Pyrus    

.    127 

37 
„_.  Viburnum       ....   129 

Turians 

.    I7Q 

39 

41                         777 
43 

Hicoria      .... 

.   181 

43  Acer      133 

45 

E—  7—  77 

47 
53                          C 

55 

Negundo  .... 
Fraxinus    .     .     .     . 

•    193 
.    195 

59  Picea    149 

6q  Tsuea   .                            .    i^ 

F 

71  Abies    .                           .   ins. 

\ 
yEsculus    . 

.    207 

GUIDE. 


a 
S 


~$7  redge  entire.          Go  to  A — / 
"      toothed.  "      A — -// 

"      lobed  -f  Lobes'  entire-      Go  to  A — ///  (a 


\  Lobes,  toothed. 


A—/// 


edge  entire. 
"     toothed. 


Go  to  B— / 
"      B— II 


"     lobed  J  Lobes,  entire.       Go  to  B — ///  (a) 
\  Lobes,  toothed.        "       B— ///  (b) 

Indeterminate.      Go  to  C — / 


•o 

C 
3 
O 

a 

E 
o 


w 


a; 


ahernate,     edge  { 


opposite, 


Go   to    D— / 
D— // 

Go    to    E— / 
E— // 


opposite,      edge     toothed.        Go     to    F / 


*  The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple  leaf  by  the 
nWnce  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 

t  Referring  to  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  on  the  branch. 
\  •£'•  £•>  as  in  the  hickories,  sumachs,  etc. 
.,'.,  as  in  the  horse-chestnut,  etc. 


Guide. 

GUIDE    (Continued). 


xv 


NOTE.  —  Names  i 
LEAVES  —  SIMTI.K 
A   (alternate) 
I  (edge  entire) 

I'AGK 

Magnolias      ....       3 

i  italics  are  given  also  under 

///  (edgelobed) 
(a)  (lobes  entire) 

PAGE 

Tulip-tree      ....     85 
Oaks                     ...     99 

another  division. 

LEAVES  —  COMPOUND 
i    feather-shaped 
D  (edge  alternate) 
I  (entire) 

PAGE 

Ailanthus  163 

Sassafras  15 

Buttonivood   .     .     .     .     45 
(b)  (lobes  toothed) 

Gum,  sweet    .     .     .     .115 
Poplar,  silver-leaf    .     .     Si 

Locusts     .     .     .     .     .165 

Gum,  sour      .     .     .     .     n 
Judas-tree      .... 
Persimmon     .     .     .     .     13 
Sassafras   n 

Coffee-tree,  Kentucky.   167 
Locust,  honey    .     .     .   169 
Sumach,  poison  .     .     .    175 

II  (edge  toothed) 

Sumach,  staghorn    .     .173 
Ash,  mountain    .     .     .177 
Walnut,  black    .     .     .179 
Butternut  179 

Oak,  willow  .     .     .     .   in 
Dogwood,  alt.-leaveil  .   121 
Willow,  long-beaked     .     67 

II  (edge  toothed) 
Basswoods      .     .     .     .     19 

Oaks     83 

B  (opposite) 
I  (edge  entire) 

Dogwood,  flowering     .    119 
Fringe-tree    .     .     .     .123 

Hickories  181 

Locust,  honey      .     .      .169 

Cherries    23 

II  (edge  toothed) 

Black  haw      .     .     .     .129 
Viburnum,  sweet     .     .129 

///  (edge  lobed) 
(a)   (lobes  entire) 
(b)  (lobes  toothed) 
Maples       133 

E   (opposite) 
I  (edge  entire) 
Ash,  red  and  white       .   190 
II  (edge  toothed) 

Ash-leaved  maple    .     .193 
Ash,  black,  blue,  green, 
red,  and  white,     195-203 

Plum    25 

Crab-apple     .     .     .     .     27 
Thorns      29 

Shad-bush      ....     35 
Sorrel-tree     .     .     .     .     37 
Elms    39 

Hackberry     ....     41 
Mulberry  43 

Button  wood  .     .     .     .     45 
Birches      47 
Hornbeam,  Hop      .     .     53 
Hornbeam     .     .     .     .     55 
Chestnut  57 
Beech  ......     59 

2   hand-shaped 
F   (opposite) 
I  (edge  toothed) 

C   (indeterminate) 
I 

Pines,    cedars,    spruce, 
etc  145 

Willows    6  1 

Oaks,  chestnut   ...     05 

Horse-chestnut  .      .      .   209 

TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

(EDGE  ENTIRE) 
A    I 


Fig,  2 


Fig.  i. — Cucumber  Tree.    (M.  acuminata,  L.) 
Fig.  2. — Sweet  Bay.    (M.  glauca,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  3.— Umbrella  Tree.     (M.  tripetala,  L.) 

ONE    THIRD    NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  4. — Papaw.     A.  triloba  (L.),  Dunal. 

LEAF,    NATURAL  SIZE.     FRUIT,  TWO  THIRDS   NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  5.— Red  Bud.     (C.  Canadfensis,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


ii 


Fig.  6. — Sour  Gum.     (N.  sylvatica,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  7. — Persimmon.     (D.  Virginiana,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  8.— Sassafras.    (S.  officinale,  Nees.) 

NATURAL.    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH   SIMPLE  LEAVES 
LEAVES    ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE    TOOTHED) 
A    II 


ig-  9.— Basswood.     (T.  Americana,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  11 


Fig.  10. — American  Holly.    (I.  opaca,  Ait.) 

Fig.  II. — I.  monticola. 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Fig.  13 


Fig.  12.— Wild  Black  Cherry.     (P.  serdtina,  Ehr.) 
ig-  X3- — Wild  Red  Cherry.    (P.  Pennsylvanica,  L). 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  14. — Wild  Plum.     (P.  Americana,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  15.— Crab-Apple.    (P.  coronaria,  L.) 

KATURAI.    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  17 


Fig.  16.— White  Thorn  and  Fruit.    (C.  cocclnea,  L.) 
Fig.  17.— Black  Thorn.    (C.  tomentdsa,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  18.— Common  Thorn.    (C.  punctata,  Jac.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


33 


Fig.    19. — Cockspur  Thorn.     (C.  crus-galli,  L.) 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


35 


Fig.  20. — Shad-bush.     A.  Canadensis  (L.)t  Medik. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


37 


Fig.  2i.— Sorrel  Tree.      O.  arbdreum  (L.),  D.  C. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  23 


Fig.  22.— White  Elm.    (U.  Americana,  L.) 
Fig.  23.— Slippery  Elm.     (U.  fulva,  Michaux.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  24. — Hackberry.    (C.  occidentals,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


43 


Fig.  25.— Red  Mulberry.    (M.  rubra,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


45 


Fig.  26. — Buttonwood.    (P.  occident&lis,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


47 


Fig.  27 


Fig,  28 


Fig.  27.— White  Birch.     (B.  populifblia,  Marsh.) 
Fig.  28. — Paper  Birch.    (B.  papyrlfera,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Fig.  29 


Fig.  30 


49 


Fig.  29. — Red  Birch.    (B.  nigra,  L.) 
Fig.  30.— Yellow  Birch.     (B.  Ifitea,  Michaux,  f.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig-  31-— Sweet  Birch.    (B.  lenta,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


(<*) 


Fig.  32.— Hop-Hornbeam.     O.  Virginiana  (Mill),  Willd. 

a.  Leaves,     b.  Fruit. 
53  NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


55 


F»g.  33.— Hornbeam.    (C.  Caroliniana,  Walt.) 

a.  Fruit  scales,     b.  Leaves. 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


57 


34.— Chestnut.    C.  Satlva  (L.),    var.  Americana  (Michaux),  Sarg. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


59 


F»g.  35-— Beech.    (F.  ferruginea,  Ait.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


61 


\ 


Fig.  36.— Black  Willow.    (S.  nigra,  Marsh.) 
a.  Commonest  form.     b.  Large  form. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  37.— Scythe-leaved  Willow.     (S.  n.,  var.  falcata,  Torr.; 

a.  Stipules.     /'.  Leaves. 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Fig.  38.— Shining  Willow.    (S.  lucida,  MuhL) 

65  NATURAL.    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


39- — Long-beaked  Willow.     (S.  rostrata,  Richards.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  40.— White  Willow.     [S.  alba,  L.] 
'Fig.  41.— Yellow  Willow.    [S.  a.,  vitelllne,  S.  and  B.] 

a.  Young  leaf.     b.  Mature  leaf. 

Fig.  42. — Weeping  Willow.     [S.  Babylonica,  Tourn.J 
Fig-  43-— Crack  Willow.     [S.  fragilis,  L.] 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  44. — Aspen.    (P.  tremuloides,  Michx.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Fig-  45- — Large  Toothed  Aspen.    (P.  grandidentata,  Michx.) 
73  NATURAL   SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


a 


Fig.  46.— Downy-leaved  Poplar.    (P.  heterophylla,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZK. 


I/ 


-  47- — Cottonwood.    (P.  monillfera,  Ait.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  49 


Fig.  48.— Balsam  Poplar.    (P.  balsamlfera,  L.) 
Fig.  49.— Balm  of  Gilead.     P.  b.  candicans  (Ait.),  Gray. 

»  NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


81 


Fig.  51 


Fig.  50.— Lombardy  Poplar.    [P.  dilatata,  Ait.] 
Fig-  ST.— Silver-Leaf  Poplar.     [P.  alba,  L.] 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 

LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE   LOBED) 

A  III 
(a)  and  ft} 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  52.— Tulip  Tree.    (L.,  tuliplfera,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


»g.  53-— White  Oak.    (Q.  alba,  L.) 

LEAVES    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


Fig.  54. — Post  Oak.     Q.  minor  (Marsh),  Sarg. 

LEAVES  AND  FRUIT  REDUCED  ONE  FOURTH. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  55. — Burr  Oak.    (Q.  macrocarpa,  Michx.) 

LEAVES  AND   FRUIT   REDUCED  ONE   FOURTH. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


93 


Fig-  56.— Swamp  White  Oak.     (Q.  tricolor,  Willd.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


i£-  S7-— Chestnut  Oak.     (Q.  prinus,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


97 


Fig.  58.— Yellow  Chestnut  Oak.     Q.  (Muhl.),  Engel. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


99 


ig-  S9-— Black  Jack.    (Q.  nigra,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


101 


Fig.  60.— Spanish  Oak.    (Q,  cuneata,  Wang.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


103 


Fig.  61.— Scarlet  Oak.     (Q.  cocclnea,  Wang.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


Fig.  62,  a  and  b.— Black  Oak.     (Q.  c.,  tinctdria,  Gray.) 

FRUIT    AND    LEAVES    REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


107 


Fig.  63.— Red  Oak.     (Q.  rubra,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


log 


Fig.  64.— Pin  Oak.     (Q.  pal&stris,  D.  Roi.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


in 


65-— Willow  Oak.     (Q.  Phellos,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Fig.  66.— Shingle  Oak.     (Q.  imbricaria,  Michx.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  67. — Sweet  Gum.     (L.  styraclflua,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


:ONTINUED 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(EDGE    ENTIRE) 
B    I 


Fig.  68.— Flowering  Dogwood.    (C.  fldrida,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Opposite. 


121 


Fig.  69.— Alternate-leaved  Dogwood.    (C.  alternifolia,  L.  f.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Opposite. 


123 


Fig.  70.— Fringe  Tree.    (C.  Virginica,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Opposite. 


125 


Fig.  71. — Catalpa.    (C.  bignonoides,  Walt.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 
LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE   TOOTHED) 
B    II 


Fig.  73 


Fig.  72.— Black  Haw.    (V.  prunifblium,  L.) 
Fig.  73.— Sweet  Vibtlrnum.    (V.  lentago,  L.) 

129  NATURAL  SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 
LEAVES   OPPOSITE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE   LOBED) 
B  III 


Fig.  74. — Striped  Maple.    (A.  Pennsylv&nicum,  L.) 

133  NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Opposite. 


75-— Sugar  Maple.    (A.  saccharum,  Marsh.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Opposite. 


Fig.  76. — Black  Maple.    (A.  s.,  v&r.  nigrum.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Opposite. 


139 


Fig.  77- — Silver-Leaf  Maple.    (A.  saccharlnum,  L.) 

NATURAL   SIZK. 


'41 


Fig.  78.— Red  Maple.     (A.  rubrum,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  SIMPLE  LEAVES 


CONTINUED 


LEAVES    INDETERMINATE 
c  i 


Fig.  79 


Fig.  80 


Fig.  81 


Fig.  82 


Fig.  79. — Gray  Pine.     (P.  Banksiana,  Lam.) 

Fig.  80.— Scrub  Pine.    (P.  Virginiana,  Mill.) 

Fig.  81.— Table  Mountain  Pine.    (P.  pungens,  Michx.) 

Fig.  82.— Red  Pine.    (P.  resindsa,  Ait.) 

NATURAL   SIZE. 


Fig.  83 


F»g.  83.— Yellow  Pine.    (P.  ecpinata,  Mill.) 
Fig.  84.— Pitch  Pine.    (P.  rlgida,  Mill.) 
Fig-  85.— White  Pine.    (P.  Strobus,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Indeterminate. 


149 


Fig.  86 


Fig.  87 


Fig.  86.— Black  Spruce.    P.  Mariana  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 
Fig.  87.— White  Spruce.     P.  Canadensis  (Mill),  B.  S.  P. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  88. — Norway  Spruce.     [P.  excelsa.] 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Indeterminate. 


153 


Fig.  89.— Hemlock.    T.  Canadensis  (L.),  Carr. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  90. — Balsam  Fir.     A.  balsamea  (L.),  Miller. 
Fig.  91. — Larch.     L,  lariclna  (Du  Roi),  Koch. 

155  KATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Indeterminate. 


157 


Fig,  92 


Fig.  93 


Fig.  92.— White  Cedar.      C.  thyoides  (L.),  B.  S.  P. 
Fig-  93-— Arbor  Vitae.     (T.  occidentals,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Leaves  Indeterminate. 


159 


f 


Fig.  94.— Red  Cedar.    (J.  Virginiana,  L.) 

a.  Young.     6.  Old. 
NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 


LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

(EDGE    ENTIRE) 
D  I 


163 


Fig.  95.— Ailanthus.     [A.  glanduldsa,  Desf.] 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


165 


>Fig.  96.— Locust.    (R.  pseudacacia,  L.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


r67 


'  97.— Kentucky  Coffee  Tree.     G.  dlsicus  (L.),  Koch. 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  98. — Honey  Locust.    (G.  triacilnthos,  L.) 

l69  NATURAL    SIZE. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(FEATHER-SHAPED) 

LEAVES   ALTERNATE 

CONTINUED 


(EDGE   TOOTHED) 
D    II 


Leaves  Alternate. 


173 


Fig.  99.— Stag-horn  Sumach.    (R.  typhina,  L.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


Fig.  100. — Poison  Sumach.    (R.  venenata,  D.  C.) 

NATURAL  SIZE. 


Fig.  101. — Mountain  Ash.     (P.  Americana,  D.  C.) 

177  REDUCED    ONE    FOURTH. 


Fig.  103 


Fig.  102. — Black  Walnut.    (J.  nigra,  L.) 
Fig.  103. — Butternut.    (J.  cinerea,  L.) 

I?9  LEAFLKTS   AND    FRUIT   REDUCED   ONE   THIRD. 


181 


Fig.  104.— Shag-bark.     H.    ovata  (Mill),  Britton. 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE   THIRD. 


Fig.  105.— Mocker-nut.     H.   alba  (L.),  Britton. 

LEAF  AND  FRUIT  REDUCED  ONE  THIRD. 


Fig.  106.— Small-fruited  Hickory.     H.  microcarpa  (Nutt),  Britton. 

l85  LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


i87 


Fig.  107,  a  and  6.— Pig-nut.     H.  glabra  (Mill),    Britton. 
LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


Leaves  Alternate. 


189 


Fig.  108. — Bitter-nut.     H.  minima  (Marsh),    Britton. 

LEAF  AND   FRUIT   REDUCED   ONE  THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 


(FEATHER-SHAPED) 

CONTINUED 


LEAVES    OPPOSITE 

(EDGE  ENTIRE  OR  TOOTHED) 
E  i,  II 


Leaves  Opposite. 


193 


Fig.  109. — Ash-leaved  Maple.    (N.  aceroides,  M.) 

NATURAL    SIZE. 


195 


Fig.  no. — White  Ash.    (F.  Americana,  L.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


197 


Fig.  in. — Red  Ash.    (F.  pubescens,  Lam.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


Leaves  Opposite,. 


i99 


Fig.  112. — Green  Ash.     (F.  vlridis,  Michac.,  f.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE   THIRD. 


Fig.  113. — Blue  Ash.    (F.  quadrangulata,  Michx.) 

LEAF  AND  FRUIT  REDUCED  ONE  THIRD. 


Leaves  Opposite. 


203 


Fig.  114. — Black  Ash.    (F.  sambucifdlia,  Lam.) 

LEAF    AND    FRUIT    REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


TREES  WITH  COMPOUND  LEAVES 

(HAND-SHAPED) 


LEAVES   OPPOSITE 
(EDGE  TOOTHED) 

F  I 


207 


Fig.  115.— Sweet  Buckeye.    (JE.  flava,  Ait.) 

REDUCED    ONE    THIRD. 


209 


Fig.  116.— Ohio  Buckeye.     (JE.  glabra,  Willd.) 

REDUCED   ONE   THIRD. 


NAMES    OF    OMITTED   AND    COMPARATIVELY    UNIM- 
PORTANT TREES. 


Tilia  heterophylla.     Vent. 

pubescens.     Ait. 
Pyrus  angusti£61ia.     Ait. 
Cratsegus  cocclnea,  L.  var.  mollis. 

crus-galli,  L.  pyracanthifolia. 
Amelanchier  Canadensis,  L.  var.   T.  and 

G. 

Ulmus  racemusa.      Thomas. 
Celtis  occidentals,  L.  var.  crassi£61ia. 
Salix  amygdaloldes.      Anders. 
Quercus  macrocarpa,    Michx.  var.  olivae- 

£6rmis. 


Quercus  cocclnea,    Wang.    var.  ambigua, 

Gray. 
(Of  nine  hybrid  oaks,  most  are  outside  our 

limits  or  entirely  local.) 
Catalpa  speci6sa.     Ward. 
Roblnia  visc6sa.     Vent. 
Gledltschia  triacanthos,  L.  var.  inermis, 

and  var.  brachycarpos. 
Rhus  typhina,  L.  var.  laciniata. 
Pyrus  sambucif61ia 
Hic6ria  sulcita  (Willd).     Britton. 


INDEX  OF  TREES. 


The  names  of  genera  are  given  in  SMALL  CAPITALS,  of  species  and  varieties  in 
Roman  type.     The  names  of  introduced  species  are  enclosed  by  brackets. 


A 

PAGB 

BETULA  papyrlfera 

47 

ABIES  balsamea      .... 

PAGE 

T55 

populifolia 

47 

ACER  Pennsylvanicum     .         .         . 

133 

Birch,  Paper  .         .         .         . 

47 

rubrum           .... 

141 

Re(i      

49 

51 

saccharlnum           .         .       .-.. 

139 

saccharum     .... 

135 

White            .... 

47 

Yellow          .... 

49 

var.  nigrum 
jEscuLUS  flava        .         . 

137 
207 

Bitter-nut       

189 

glabra     .    •     .         . 
[Ailanthus]     . 
[AILANTHUS  glandulosa]         .     .'  . 
AMELANCHIER  Canadensis      .  ' 

209 
163 
163 

Buckeye,  Ohio        .... 
Sweet       .... 
Butternut        ..... 
Buttonwood    

209 
207 
179 

45 

var.  oblongif61ia 

35 

C 

Arbor  Vitae     .         .                   .         . 

157 

Ash,  Black     .        .        ..'..- 

203 

CARPiNUS  Caroliniana     . 

55 

Blue       

2OI 

CARYA.     See  HicdRiA. 

Green     ..... 

199 

CASTANEA  sativa,  var.  Americana  . 

Mountain        .... 

177 

Catalpa  

57 

Red        

197 

CATALPA  bignonoides 

125 

White     

Cedar,  Red     

125 

Ash-leaved  Maple  .... 

193 

White          .... 

159 

AslMiNA  trlloba       .... 

7 

CELTIS  occidentalis 

157 

Aspen     ...... 

CERCIS  Canadensis 

9 

Large-toothed 

73 

CHAM^EcfPARIS        .... 

4i 

thyoides 

157 

B 

Cherry,  Wild  black 

23 

Wild  red    . 

23 

Balm  of  Gilead       .... 

79 

Chestnut         

57 

IQ 
" 

CHIONANTHUS  Virglnica         .        . 

123 

CORNUS  alternifolia         .         .         . 

121 

Beech     .         .         .         .         . 

59 

florida        .         .         .         . 

119 

BETUI.A  lenta          .... 

51 

Cottonwood    .         .   '     ,         .      !  . 

77 

lu  tea 

27 

nigra          .... 

49 

CRAT^GUS  cocclnea 

29 

213 


214 


Index  of  Trees. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

CRAT^EGUS  crus-calli               •        • 

•j-i 

punctata 

j  j 
3i 

Hornbeam,  Hop     .         .        . 

•       5S 

tomentosa     . 

29 

I 

Cucumber  Tree      .         .         .        . 

3 

CUPRESSUS.     See  CHAM^CYPARIS. 

ILEX  montlcola       .         .         . 

21 

opaca     .... 

21 

D 

DIOSPYROS  Virginiana    .    '     .         . 

13 

J 

Dogwood,  Alternate-leaved     .         . 

121 

JUGLANS  cinerea     . 

.      179 

Flowering 

II9 

nigra 

.     179 

E 

JUNiPERUS  Virginiana     . 

.    150, 

Elm,  Slippery          .... 

39 

K 

White    

39 

Kentucky  Coffee-Tree     .         . 

.  167 

F 

L 

FAGUS  ferruglnea    .... 

59 

Larch     .         .         .         . 

.    155 

Fir,  Balsam    ..... 

155 

LARIX  lariclna        .         . 

•     I5S 

FRAxiNUS  Americana 

195 

Laurel,  Swamp 

3 

pubescens 

197 

Linden,  American  . 

•       19 

quadrangulata 

20  1 

LIQUIDAMBAR  styraclflua 

•     "5 

sambucif61ia  . 

203 

LIRIODENDRON  tuliplfera 

•       85 

vlridis    .... 

199 

Locust,  Yellow        .         . 

.     165 

Fringe  Tree   

123 

Honey        .         .         . 

.     169 

G 

M 

GLED!TSCHIA  triacanthos 

169 

MAGNOLIA  acuminata 

5 

Gum,  Sour     .        .        . 

ii 

ash-leaved 

•     193 

Sweet   ..... 

lie 

glauca  . 

3, 

GYMN6CLADUS  dlsicus     . 

**0 

I67 

tripetala 

5 

Maple,  Black 

•     i37 

H 

Red    . 

.     141 

Silver  Leaf          .         . 

•     I39 

J.T 

Haw,  Black   

*TX 

I2Q 

Striped        .         .         . 

•     133 

Hemlock         .                  .        ..     •     . 

**y 

153 

Sugar 

•     135 

T£I 

Hickory,  Bitter-nut         .         .         . 

189 

MORUS  rubra 

103 
43 

Pig-nut    .... 

187 

Mountain  Ash 

•     177 

Shag-bark         .         .         , 
Small-fruited   .         . 

181 

185 

Mulberry,  Red 

•       43 

HicdRiA  alba          .         .         .         . 

183 

N 

glabra      .... 

187 

. 

microcarpa 

185 

NEG(TNDO  aceroides 

.     193 

minima    .... 

189 

NYSSA  sylvatica 

ii 

ovita        .... 

181 

o 

Holly,  American     .... 

21 

Honey  Locust         .... 

169 

Oak,  Black     .... 

.     105 

Index  of  Trees. 


215 


PACK 

PAGE 

Oak,  Black  Jack     .... 

99 

POPULUS  heterophylla     . 

.       75 

Burr       

91 

monillfera 

•       77 

Chestnut         .... 

95 

tremuloides 

•       71 

Pin        

109 

PRUNUS  Americana         . 

•       25 

Post        

89 

Pennsylvania    .         .  . 

-       23 

Red        

107 

ser6tina 

•       23 

Scarlet  .         . 

103 

PYRUS  Americana  . 

•     177 

Shingle            .... 

"3 

coronaria 

•       27 

Spanish           .... 

101 

Swamp  white          .         .         . 

93 

Q 

White    .         .         .         .         . 

87 

QUERCUS  alba 

.       87 

Willow            .         .         . 

in 

blcolor     . 

•       93 

Yellow  chestnut      .         .         . 

97 

cocclnea  ... 

103 

OSTRYA  Virginiana          .         .         . 

53 

"      var.  tinct6ria 

.     105 

OXYDENDRUM  arbireum         .        . 

37 

cuneata   . 

.       101 

P 

imbricaria 

•     "3 

Papaw    

7 

macrocarpa       .         . 
minor       . 

.       91 
8q 

Persimmon      ..... 
PicEA  Canadensis   .... 

13 
149 

Muhlenbergii  . 

7 

•       97 

[excelsa]       .... 
Mariana        .... 

151 
149 

nigra 
palustris  . 
Phellos    . 

•       99 
.     109 
in 

Pine,  Gray      .         .         .         .         . 

145 

Jersey    ..... 

145 

prinus 
rubra        .  • 

•       95 
.     107 

Pitch      .         .         . 

147 

Red       

145 

R 

Scrub     

145 

Table  Mountain     .         .        ^ 

145 

Red  Bud         .... 

9 

White    

147 

RHUS  typhina 

.     173 

Yellow  

147 

venenata       .         . 

.     175 

PINUS  Banksiana     .... 

145 

ROB!NIA  pseudacacia      .        . 

.     165 

ecpinata        .... 

147 

S 

pungens        .... 

M5 

resinosa         .... 

145 

SALIX  [alba]  .... 

69 

rigida            .... 

*TJ 

147 

[var.  vitelllna]    . 

.      69 

Strobus         .... 

147 

[Babyl6nica] 

.      69 

Virginiana    .... 

M5 

fragilis 

.       69 

PLATANUS  occidentalis    . 

45 

lucida  .         .         .         . 

.      65 

Plum,  Wild    

2? 

61 

Poplar,  Balsam        .... 

j 

79 

var.  falcata  . 

•       63 

Downy-leaved     .         . 

75 

rostrata         .         .         . 

•       67 

[Lombardy] 

81 

Sassafras         .... 

•       15 

[Silver-leaf] 

81 

SASSAFRAS  officinale       .        . 

15 

POPULUS  [alba]       .... 

81 

Shad-bush       .... 

•       35 

balsamlfera 

7Q 

Sorrel  Tree     .... 

37 

var.  candicans 

'7 

7Q 

it 

[dilatata] 

/  V 

81 

Spruce,  Black 

.     149 

grandidentata   . 

73 

[Norway]   . 

.     151 

2l6 


Index  of  Trees. 


Spruce  White 
Sumach,  Poison 

Stag-horn 


Thorn,  Black 

Cockspur     . 

Common 

White 

THtiYA  occidentals 
TiLlA  Americana    . 
TSUGA  Canadensis 
Tulip  Tree     .         . 


U 


ULMUS  Americana 
fulva  . 


PAGE 
149 

Umbrella  Tree 

175 

173 

V 

VIBURNUM  lentago 

prunifolium 

29 

Viburnum,  Sweet    . 

33 

3r 

W 

•  29 

Walnut,  Black 

157 

Willow,  Black 

19 

[Crack]      . 

153 

Long-beaked 

85 

Scythe-leaved 

Shining 

[Weeping] 

39 

[White]     . 

39 

[Yellow]   . 

PACK 

5 


129 
129 
129 


179 
61 
69 
67 
63 
65 
69 
69 
69 


DCSB  LIBRARY 


